When assessing a patient for risk factors of coronary artery disease, which of the following is a modifiable risk factor?

Smoking is considered a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease because individuals can take steps to quit smoking, thereby reducing their risk of developing heart-related issues. Smoking has direct adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, including damaging blood vessels, increasing blood pressure, and promoting the formation of blood clots. By eliminating or reducing smoking, a person can significantly lower their risk of coronary artery disease and improve overall heart health.

In contrast, age, genetics, and gender are non-modifiable risk factors. Age increases the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease as the risk escalates with advancing years. Genetics plays a critical role in determining an individual's predisposition to heart disease; thus, inherited traits can influence risk but cannot be changed. Gender also contributes to risk, with men generally having a higher risk earlier in life than women, particularly before menopause. These factors cannot be altered through lifestyle changes or interventions, underscoring why smoking stands out as a modifiable risk factor.